Handroanthus impetiginosus (Lapacho/Pau D’arco) Medicinal Herb Profile
Herb's Introduction
The herb in question is derived from the inner bark of the majestic South American tree, Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos, a species renowned for its vibrant pink flowers and profound medicinal history. It belongs to the Bignoniaceae family. For centuries, this plant has been a cornerstone of traditional medicine among indigenous cultures of Central and South America, particularly the Incas and the Kallawaya people, who prized it as a versatile cure-all for a vast array of ailments. Though its accepted botanical name is Handroanthus impetiginosus, it is still popularly known by its synonym, Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb. The medicinal properties are primarily concentrated in the inner layer of the bark, which contains potent naphthoquinone compounds like Lapachol and Beta-lapachone. This herb is globally recognized for its powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and deeply researched anti-cancer potential.
Name in Different Countries
The plant and the herbal product derived from its bark are known by a variety of names across different regions, primarily reflecting their original language or traditional use. Name Origin/Context Lapacho or Pink Lapacho Common in parts of South America (Argentina, Paraguay), often referring to the tree itself and the herbal tea. Pau D'arco (pronounced 'pau-dar-co') Predominant name in Brazil and widely used globally in the herbal supplement trade. It translates roughly to "bow stick" or "arch wood," referencing the use of its incredibly tough and durable wood by indigenous tribes for making hunting bows. Taheebo Another very common trade name for the inner bark preparation, particularly popular in the United States and Europe. Ipê Roxo (Purple Ipê) or Pink Ipê Common Brazilian and Portuguese names, describing the color of the tree's spectacular flowers and wood. Lapacho Negro or cabroé Other local South American names. Pink Trumpet Tree or Dwarf Pink Tabebuia Common ornamental names, describing its characteristic flowering appearance. Export to Sheets
Terminology
The nomenclature of this herb is complex due to historical reclassification and multiple common names, but the underlying therapeutic action is attributed to a specific class of biochemicals. Botanical Terminology: Accepted Name: Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos Popular/Former Name: Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb. Family: Bignoniaceae Synonyms: The tree has a long list of synonyms, including Tabebuia impetiginosa, Tabebuia ipe, Tecoma impetiginosa, and Handroanthus avellanedae, which is a frequent source of confusion in older literature and product labeling. Biochemical Terminology: The powerful medicinal effects are linked to naphthoquinone compounds, mainly: Lapachol: This primary active ingredient, a quinone, is extracted from the inner bark (phloem). It has demonstrated strong antimicrobial, anti-fungal, and anti-tumor properties in studies. Beta-lapachone: A derivative of lapachol, this compound has been the subject of extensive modern research, exhibiting potent anticancer, antiviral, and neuroprotective activities. Other Constituents: The bark also contains beneficial compounds like quercetin, flavonoids, and other phenolic acids, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Availability
Geographic Distribution and Habitat: H. impetiginosus is a species native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Its natural range extends from northern Mexico through Central America down to South America, specifically covering vast areas of the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazonian rainforests, as well as mountainous terrains in the Andes of Peru and Argentina. It thrives in diverse environments, from the low-lying areas to high-elevation montane regions. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in warm climates worldwide, including in parts of India (e.g., Bengaluru). Availability in Nepal: Handroanthus impetiginosus (Lapacho) is not native to Nepal and is not listed among the traditionally used medicinal plants of the Himalayan region, which typically feature indigenous herbs like Swertia chirayita, Nardostachys grandiflora (Jatamansi), or Acorus calamus. The environment and altitude of the native range of Lapacho are distinct from Nepal’s. The herb is available in Nepal primarily through the international market as a processed supplement, usually in the form of powdered inner bark, capsules, or tea, imported under the names Lapacho or Pau D'arco. It is not harvested domestically as a local resource.
External Look
Handroanthus impetiginosus is a striking, large deciduous tree that can reach impressive heights, sometimes up to 30 meters (100 feet), with a trunk diameter up to 80 cm. Trunk and Bark: The trunk is typically straight, and the bark is brownish-grey, tough, and hard to peel. It is the inner bark (phloem), however, that is collected for medicinal use. The wood is exceptionally dense and heavy, rich in tannins, making it resistant to decay, which is why it is used for structural purposes outdoors. Canopy and Leaves: The tree has a large, rounded, but often sparse canopy. The leaves are palmately compound, with usually five elliptical and lanceolate leaflets radiating from a single point, resembling an open hand. They are typically two to three inches long with lightly serrated margins. Flowers: Its most distinguishing feature is the spectacular display of large, pink or magenta trumpet-shaped flowers that appear between July and September (or December to January in some cultivated regions like India) before the new leaves emerge. The absence of leaves allows the flowers to create a dense, colorful crown. Fruit: The fruit is a narrow, dehiscent capsule that splits open to release several winged seeds.
Healing Properties
The therapeutic efficacy of Lapacho, substantiated by both traditional use and modern research (though clinical human trials are limited for many claims), stems from its complex chemical profile. The key properties include: Antimicrobial and Anti-infective: A powerful natural antibiotic that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria (like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, and Helicobacter pylori for ulcers), viruses, and parasites (malaria). Antifungal: Highly effective against fungal infections, notably Candida albicans (yeast infections/candidiasis), ringworm, and lung infections like valley fever. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic: Contains anti-inflammatory compounds that help reduce swelling and pain, making it useful for conditions like arthritis and rheumatism by suppressing proinflammatory substances. Antioxidant: Rich in antioxidant compounds like quercetin and flavonoids that act as free-radical scavengers, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting anti-aging effects. Anticarcinogenic/Antitumor: This is one of its most studied properties. Components like Lapachol and Beta-lapachone show promise in laboratory settings by inhibiting tumor growth, selectively destroying cancer cells (e.g., in breast, prostate, and lung cancer), and stimulating the formation of red blood cells. Immune Stimulant: Helps to strengthen the overall immune system and increase the body's defense mechanisms, often used for chronic immune disorders. Wound Healing: Naphthoquinones have been shown to accelerate cell migration and tissue regeneration, promoting faster skin wound healing.
Advantages
The advantages of Lapacho/Pau D'arco as a traditional remedy and modern supplement are numerous, highlighting its versatility and unique biological actions: Broad-Spectrum Activity: Unlike many single-purpose herbs, Lapacho offers a wide range of benefits, acting simultaneously as an antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory agent. This makes it an ideal traditional "cure-all" for unconfirmed or chronic infections. Immune System Support: It is known to not only fight pathogens directly but also to actively stimulate the body’s own defense, promoting the production of red blood cells, which is beneficial for conditions like anemia. Anti-Cancer Selectivity (In vitro): Preliminary laboratory studies have indicated that Lapachol selectively targets and destroys tumor cells, hindering their multiplication without damaging healthy cells, an ideal attribute for an anti-cancer agent. However, this is heavily caveated by the toxicity of high doses needed to achieve this effect clinically. Digestive and Skin Health: It is highly effective for internal fungal issues (Candida) and stomach ulcers, while also having external applications for improving skin circulation, tightening skin, and treating inflammatory conditions like psoriasis and eczema. High Tanning Content for Preservation: The bark’s natural richness in tannins makes the material highly resistant to decay and weather, preserving the active compounds for long-term use and storage.
Uses
Lapacho has been used traditionally for a diverse range of conditions, primarily utilizing the inner bark. Part Used Uses and Applications Inner Bark (Decoction/Tea/Tincture) Infections: Malaria, cold, flu, fever, dysentery, bacterial infections, fungal infections (Candida, ringworm), stomach ulcers (H. pylori). Inflammation: Arthritis, rheumatism, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Systemic: Anemia (by stimulating red blood cell production), poor circulation, boosting immunity, hypotensive (lowering blood pressure). Detoxification: Diuretic, laxative (for constipation), liver tonic. Specific Ailments: Prostate inflammation, syphilis, diabetes, boils, snakebites. Leaf (Infusion/Poultice) Topical: Astringent, antiseptic, vulnerary (wound-healing), used for skin inflammatory conditions, psoriasis, and antihaemorrhoidal treatment. Flowers Traditional use as an antitussive (to relieve cough) and expectorant (to clear mucus). External Applications Poultices or washes made from the inner bark are used for various skin inflammatory conditions, ulcers, boils, and for cosmetic purposes like improving skin and hair health. Export to Sheets
Using way
The most common and traditional method of using Lapacho is by preparing a decoction or tea from the dried, shredded inner bark. 1. Herbal Tea / Decoction (Most Common Method): Preparation: Place approximately 1-2 teaspoons of the Pau D'arco bark shreds in about 250 ml (one cup) of boiling water. Method: Allow the mixture to simmer (decoct) for 5 to 10 minutes to extract the beneficial compounds fully. Consumption: Strain the liquid. It can be consumed warm or cool. The typical recommendation is 2 to 3 cups per day. Purpose: This is the primary way to use it for internal systemic issues like infections, inflammation, and immune support. The bark has a slightly sweet, pleasant flavor. 2. Powdered Bark / Capsules: The dried inner bark can be ground into a fine powder and taken in measured doses, usually mixed with water, or encapsulated for convenience. Typical dosages are around 1-2 teaspoons, twice daily, with water. 3. External Use (Wash/Poultice): A strong decoction is used as a skin wash or hair rinse. A paste can be made by mixing the fine powder or strong tea with ingredients like Fuller's Earth (for oily skin) and applied topically to treat skin conditions, wounds, or fungal lesions. ⚠️ Important Safety Note: Due to the potential for toxicity (Lapachol) at high doses and its reported anticoagulant properties, it is crucial to adhere to recommended dosages. It should be avoided by individuals taking blood-thinning medications or those scheduled for surgery. Pregnant and nursing individuals are also advised against its use.
Conclusion
Handroanthus impetiginosus, widely known as Lapacho or Pau D'arco, stands as a powerful testament to the traditional wisdom of South and Central American indigenous medicine. Its medicinal fame is well-deserved, resting on a strong foundation of traditional usage for chronic and infectious diseases, backed by compelling modern scientific findings regarding its antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, largely attributed to the naphthoquinones Lapachol and Beta-lapachone. While the tree is not a native medicinal plant of Nepal, its bark is commercially available globally as a highly sought-after natural health supplement. Its role as an effective remedy for issues like Candida albicans and its immune-boosting capabilities position it as a valuable herb. However, a responsible approach to its use is essential: while traditional and laboratory evidence is promising, particularly for anti-cancer applications, a lack of extensive, large-scale human clinical trials means many of its benefits are not fully proven for Western medicine standards. Furthermore, the risk of toxicity and blood-clotting interference at high doses necessitates caution and consultation with a healthcare professional before incorporating it into a daily regimen. In summary, Lapacho is a potent herb that commands respect for its healing potential and requires careful, informed usage.
