Introduction to Memecylon edule Memecylon edule, commonly known as anjani, is a small, evergreen tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It belongs to the Melastomataceae family. Valued for its ornamental qualities, durable wood, and significant medicinal properties, this species is well-adapted to specific ecological niches, particularly rocky soils in dry regions. The tree’s resilience and multiple applications have made it a notable plant in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Siddha.
Name in Different Countries
Memecylon edule is known by various common names across its native range, reflecting its cultural and regional significance. In India, particularly in the Deccan Plateau, it is called kaayam. In Malaysia, it is known as delek bangas and delek air. It is also referred to as miat and nemaaru in some regions. In Sri Lanka, it is known as "Kora kaha" in the Sinhala language. The tree is sometimes called nipis kulit, a Malay term meaning "thin-skinned," which is a direct reference to its slender bark.
Terminology
The scientific name, Memecylon edule, provides clues about the plant's characteristics. The genus name, Memecylon, is derived from the Greek word memecylon, which refers to the fruit of the Arbutus unedo tree. The species epithet, edule, is from the Latin word edulis, meaning "edible," indicating that the plant's fruit is suitable for consumption. This terminology highlights a key feature of the plant's fruit, which is about a centimeter long and ripens from green to red to black.
Availability
Memecylon edule is primarily found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Its native habitat includes the Deccan Plateau of India, covering large parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. It is also found in dry parts of Sri Lanka. The tree thrives on rocky soils, indicating its adaptability to harsh, well-drained environments. Its specific ecological requirements mean it is not found universally but is common within its native range.
External Look
The external appearance of Memecylon edule is characterized by its distinct physical features. It is a graceful coastal shrub or small tree. The stems are terete (cylindrical) and glabrous (smooth). The leaves are simple, opposite, and without stipules, which are small leaf-like structures. The petiole, or leaf stalk, is grooved and typically 1 cm to 1.5 cm long. The leaf blade is elliptic-lanceolate in shape, with a coriaceous (leathery) texture, measuring approximately 7.3 cm x 4.2 cm to 8.6 cm x 5 cm. The midrib is sunken on the upper side and raised on the underside. The inflorescences are axillary racemes, and the fruits are small, pinkish-globose structures, about 5 mm to 7 mm in diameter, that open at the apex.
Healing Properties
Memecylon edule is well-regarded for its astringent, cooling, and medicinal properties, which are utilized in various traditional systems of medicine. Different parts of the plant are used to treat a wide range of ailments. The leaves are noted for their astringent properties, which are useful in a variety of treatments. In Burma, the leaves are used specifically for this purpose. The plant is also known to be effective in treating fever in countries like Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In the Philippines, a variety of the plant is used to promote menses and to treat ophthalmia, an inflammation of the eye. In Ayurveda and Siddha medicine, a decoction of the root is used to control excessive menstrual discharges, while the leaves are used as a cooling agent and to treat conditions such as gonorrhea and conjunctivitis.
Advantages
The primary advantages of Memecylon edule are its versatility and resilience. Its multifaceted utility makes it valuable in several sectors.
Medicinal Value: The plant's documented use in treating a wide range of ailments, from fevers and inflammation to specific conditions like gonorrhea and excessive menstrual bleeding, highlights its significant role in traditional medicine.
Ornamental Appeal: Its handsome appearance and ability to bloom once or twice per year make it a prized ornamental plant for gardens and landscaping.
Timber Source: The wood from the tree is valued for its durability and is used in construction and various other applications.
Uses
Memecylon edule is utilized in three primary ways: medicinal, ornamental, and as a source of timber.
Medicinal Uses: As detailed in the section on healing properties, the plant's various parts are used to create remedies for diverse health conditions. The leaves are used for their astringent and cooling effects, while the root is prepared to manage menstrual issues.
Ornamental Use: Due to its pleasing appearance and consistent foliage, the tree is a popular choice for ornamental purposes in coastal and tropical gardens.
Timber Use: The wood of Memecylon edule is a valuable resource. It is known for its durability and strength, making it suitable for a variety of construction purposes.
Using Way
The method of using Memecylon edule varies depending on the desired medicinal effect. The most common preparations involve decoctions and direct application of the leaves.
Root Decoction: For controlling excessive menstrual discharges, a decoction of the root is prepared. A decoction is a preparation made by boiling a plant material, such as roots or bark, in water to extract the active compounds. This method concentrates the plant's medicinal properties into a liquid form that can be ingested.
Leaf Application: The leaves are used for their astringent and cooling properties. This can involve crushing the leaves to create a poultice for external application or preparing an infusion for topical use, such as for treating conjunctivitis.
Conclusion
Memecylon edule, or anjani, is a plant of considerable value and versatility. From its humble origins as a small evergreen tree in South and Southeast Asia, it has become an important resource. Its scientific name, edule, speaks to its edible fruit, while its common names reflect its regional significance. The plant's external features—from its leathery leaves to its small, pinkish fruits—make it an attractive ornamental. Most importantly, its healing properties, extensively documented in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Siddha, highlight its role in treating a variety of ailments. Whether for its durable wood, ornamental beauty, or significant medicinal uses, Memecylon edule stands as a testament to the rich botanical heritage of its native regions.
