यो पहाडी हिमशृङ्खला ९००-३००० मिटरसम्मको
उचाइतिर ढुङ्गा भएको भिरालो साल,
सल्ला, लालीगुँरास, कटुस, फलामे इत्यादिको जङ्गलमा कुकुरतरुलको गानो अदुवाजस्तो आकारमा
प्रशस्त पाइन्छ । २-३
वर्षमा या सालैपिच्छे पौष-माघमा खनेर गानो झिकिन्छ
र सानो कन्द जरा
रोपी मलजल राखेर सङ्कलन
गरिन्छ। वसन्तयाममा झिनो चिल्लो लहरा
जमिनमुनिको गानाबाट पलाएर निक्लने १-२ से.मि. मोटो समकोण
आकारको खैरो भित्रीभाग पहेँलो
र सेतो खालेमा हुन्छ
। अरू रङभन्दा कालो
किसिमको उच्चगुणस्तरको मानिन्छ । यसको गानोमा
मसिना लामा रौँहरू हुन्छन्
। लहराको हरेक आँख्लामा एकपात
१०-१५ से.मि.
लामो र ३-५
से.मि. चौडाइ अण्डाकार,
भालाकार तथा मुटु आकारमै
परिचय
कुकुरतरुल
(Dioscorea deltoidea) नेपालको
पहाडी क्षेत्रमा पाइने एक महत्त्वपूर्ण जडीबुटी
हो। यसलाई गुनेमाउरो, लिखा, जुम्रा आदि नामले पनि
चिनिन्छ। यो याम (Dioscoreaceae) परिवारमा पर्छ
र यसको गानो (कन्द)
औषधीय गुणले भरपूर हुन्छ। नेपालको पारम्परिक चिकित्सा पद्धतिमा यसको प्रयोग धेरै
पुरानो समयदेखि हुँदै आएको छ। यसले
न केवल स्थानीय बासिन्दाको
स्वास्थ्यमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छ, तर यसबाट निर्मित
स्टेरोइड हर्मोनले विश्वभर औषधी उद्योगलाई लाभान्वित
गरेको छ।
नेपाल र अन्य देशमा
उपलब्धता
कुकुरतरुल
नेपालको हिमाली क्षेत्र (९००–३००० मिटर
उचाइ) मा प्रशस्त मात्रामा
पाइन्छ। यो ढुङ्गा भएका
भिरालो स्थान, साल, सल्ला, लालीगुँरास,
कटुस, फलामे आदि जङ्गलमा स्वतः
उम्रन्छ। नेपाल बाहेक यो भारत (हिमाचल
प्रदेश, उत्तराखण्ड), पाकिस्तान, चीन, तिब्बत, र
मध्य एसियाका केही भागहरूमा पनि
पाइन्छ। यसको व्यापारिक महत्त्वका
कारण केही देशहरूमा यसको
खेती पनि गरिन्छ।
भौतिक गुणहरू
- गानो (कन्द): अदुवाको आकारको, माघ-पौषमा खनिने, २–३ वर्षमा पाक्छ।
- लहरा: वसन्तमा उम्रने, १–२ से.मी. मोटो, खैरो-पहेँलो रङको।
- पात: १०–१५ से.मी. लामो, ३–५ से.मि. चौडा, अण्डाकार, मुटु आकारको, टुप्पो तिखो।
- फूल: सेतो, झुप्पामा फुल्ने।
- रौँहरू: गानोमा साना र लामा रौँहरू हुन्छन्।
औषधीय गुणहरू
कुकुरतरुलमा
निम्न औषधीय गुणहरू पाइन्छन्:
- डायोस्जेनिन
(Diosgenin): यसबाट
स्टेरोइड हर्मोन (गर्भनिरोधक) बनाइन्छ।
- एन्टिब्याक्टेरियल: घाउखटिरा निको पार्न मद्दत गर्छ।
- एन्टिइन्फ्लामेटरी: सुन्निएको ठाउँमा आराम दिन्छ।
- क्यान्सर विरोधी: केही अध्ययनअनुसार यसले क्यान्सरको वृद्धि रोक्छ।
लाभहरू
- गर्भनिरोधक गुण (परिवार नियोजनमा उपयोगी)।
- घाउ, खटिरा, चिलाउमा लेपको रूपमा प्रयोग।
- स्टेरोइड औषधि निर्माणको लागि कच्चा पदार्थ।
- माछा मार्ने विष (लिखा) को रूपमा प्रयोग।
प्रयोग विधि
१. घाउमा: कुकुरतरुलको धूलो वा पेस्ट
घाउमा लगाउन सकिन्छ।
२. गर्भनिरोधक: शोधन गरी डायोस्जेनिन
निकालिएर गोली बनाइन्छ।
३. साबुनको विकल्प: यसको फीँजले कपडा
धुन वा नुहाउन सकिन्छ।
४. आयुर्वेदिक औषधि: ३–५ ग्राम
धूलो काँढापानीसँग मिसाएर खाने।
उत्पादन, सङ्कलन र संरक्षण
- खन्ने समय: पौष-माघ (डिसेम्बर–जनवरी)।
- रोप्ने विधि: सानो कन्द जरा रोपेर मलजल दिने।
- संरक्षण: सुखाएर ठूलो भाँडोमा राख्ने वा धूलो बनाउने।
निष्कर्ष
कुकुरतरुल
नेपालको महत्त्वपूर्ण जडीबुटी हो जसले आयुर्वेदिक
चिकित्सा र आधुनिक औषधी
उद्योग दुबैलाई लाभ पुर्याएको छ।
यसको संरक्षण र सतत उपयोगले
स्थानीय अर्थतन्त्रलाई मजबूत बनाउन मद्दत गर्छ। यसको व्यापक औषधीय
प्रयोगले यसलाई नेपालको "हरियो सुन" को रूपमा चिनाउँछ।
Introduction
Kukur Tarul, also known as Bhyaakur, Vyakur, or
Singali-Mingali in different regions, is a wild yam native to the Himalayan
belt. Scientifically named Dioscorea deltoidea, this plant has been an
integral part of traditional medicine and local practices for centuries. Its
unique properties and diverse applications make it a valuable resource in both
traditional and modern contexts.
Availability in Nepal and Other Countries
In Nepal, Kukur Tarul thrives in the mid-hill and high-hill
regions, particularly between elevations of 900 to 3,000 meters. It is commonly
found in forests with species like Sal, Pine, Rhododendron, and Katus. Beyond
Nepal, this plant is native to several countries, including India, Bhutan,
China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and
Laos. It prefers altitudes ranging from 450 to 3,100 meters, flourishing in the
rich biodiversity of the Himalayan region.
Physical Properties
Kukur Tarul is a twining vine that grows from underground
tubers resembling ginger in shape. These tubers are covered with fine, long
hairs and can vary in color, with the darker varieties considered of higher
quality. The plant produces slender, glossy vines that emerge from the tubers
during the spring. Its leaves are heart-shaped, measuring 10–15 cm in length
and 3–5 cm in width, with pointed tips. The plant bears small white flowers
that grow in clusters from the leaf axils. The tubers have a yellowish-white
interior and are known for their slightly bitter taste.
Medicinal Properties
The tubers of Kukur Tarul are rich in diosgenin, a steroidal
sapogenin used as a precursor in the synthesis of various steroid hormones.
This compound is instrumental in the production of oral contraceptives and
other steroid medications. Traditional medicine utilizes Kukur Tarul for
treating gastrointestinal disorders, intestinal worms, constipation, and skin
ailments. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties
make it beneficial in managing conditions like arthritis, asthma, and certain
skin diseases. Additionally, it has been used to address reproductive health
issues and as a sedative in traditional practices.
Advantages
- Natural
Hormone Source: Provides diosgenin for pharmaceutical applications.
- Traditional
Remedy: Used in treating various ailments, including digestive issues
and skin conditions.
- Cultural
Significance: Integral to local traditions and practices, including
its use in fishing and personal hygiene.
- Economic
Potential: Offers opportunities for sustainable harvesting and
cultivation, contributing to local economies.
Uses
- Medicinal:
Treatment of gastrointestinal issues, skin diseases, and as a source of
diosgenin for hormone synthesis.
- Cultural
Practices: Used as a natural soap and in traditional fishing methods.
- Culinary:
Tubers are consumed after proper processing to remove bitterness and
potential toxins.
Using Method
- Medicinal
Preparation: The tubers are processed to extract diosgenin, which is
then used in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
- Traditional
Remedies: Tubers are dried and ground into powder for consumption or
applied as a paste for skin conditions.
- Culinary
Use: Tubers are boiled, washed, and sometimes baked to make them safe
for consumption.
Harvesting and Preservation
Kukur Tarul is typically harvested during the winter months,
particularly between December and February. The tubers are dug up carefully to
avoid damage and are then cleaned and dried. For propagation, smaller tubers or
tubercles are replanted. Proper storage involves keeping the dried tubers in a
cool, dry place to prevent spoilage and maintain their medicinal properties.
Conclusion
Kukur Tarul (Dioscorea deltoidea) stands as a testament to the rich botanical diversity of the Himalayan region. Its multifaceted applications in medicine, culture, and daily life underscore its importance. Sustainable harvesting and increased awareness can ensure that this valuable plant continues to benefit future generations while preserving the ecological balance of its native habitats.
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